pathologynuggets.blogsspot.com notes on AUB. Abnormal uterine bleeding can be either Heavy menstrual bleed or Intermenstrual bleeding. In heavy menstrual bleeding, there is excessive or prolonged bleeding during periods. It occurs during regular menstrual cycles.  In contrast, bleeding occurs irregularly between menstrual cycles, in intermenstrual bleeding.  If A is one cycle and B is the next menstrual cycle, in HMB, heavy bleeding or an increased amount of bleed occurs in these regular cycles, while in intermenstrual bleeding, the bleeding occurs, in between, these cycles. Other types of abnormal bleeding include post-coital bleed and postmenopausal bleeding. AUB mnemonic  One of the classification systems for AUB  is the mnemonic PALM COEIN. Among these, PALM represents structural causes, and COEIN represents non-structural causes. PALM stands for polyp, adenomyosis, leiomyoma, and malignancy Similarly, COEIN stands for coagulopathy, ovulatory cause, endome...

  The Bishop Score Score 0 1 2 3 Dilation of cervix in centimeters 0 1 or 2 3 or 4 5 or more Consistency Firm Medium Soft   Length <2cm 2-1 1-0.5 cm <0.5cm Position Posterior Central Anterior   Station of presenting part -3 -2 -1 or 0 Below ischial spines   What is the Bishop Score? The Bishop Score is a scoring system used to assess the cervix during induction of labour.   During labor, there is spontaneous softening, shortening, effacement, and dilation of cervix. Cervix also moves forward from posterior position to more anterior position.   Factors more favourable for labor are Dilated cervix Soft consis...

Different methods of induction of labour are: Membrane Sweeping This method is only performed at term and placenta previa is ruled out prior to the procedure. After cervix begins to dilate, a gloved finger is inserted through the cervix and is rotated around the inner rim of cervix. In this method chorionic membrane is stripped off from underlying decidua which causes release of natural prostaglandins.   Prostaglandin Prostaglandin is available in form of gel, pessary, or tablet. PG E2 is the most common formulation. It can be inserted vaginally into the cervix to ripen cervix and initiate contractions.   Artificial rupture of membranes Prostaglandin alone may not be sufficient for a successful induction of labour especially in primiparous women. In cases Artificial rupture of Membranes and Oxytocin are used.   Oxytocin Oxytocin can be used after rupture of membranes. It is   given in IV infusion as dilute solution.   3-5 cont...

  What is a preterm labour? Preterm labour is the onset of labour before 37   weeks of gestation.   The easy medical mnemonic for medical students for different causes of pre term labour is " Infected Weak MUM Has Pre-Term labour"   @ Infected & Weak MUM H as Pre-term labour   Infections   Weak Cervix   M ultiple Pregnancy & Uterine distension   U terine Anomalies   M aternal or Fetal Stress   H emorrhage   Infections: Chorionamnionitis is the infection of fetal membranes and is a major cause of Pre-term birth particularly in < 32 weeks.   Weak Cervix: Cervical weakness causes PAINLESS dilation of cervix and there is history of PAINLESS 2nd trimester pregnancy loss. Past history of cervical surgery is a major risk factor.   Multiple Pregnancy & Uterine distension : Uterine distension by multiple pregnancy or less commonly by polyhydra...