Diffuse axonal injury is a type of brain injury caused by trauma in cases of sudden acceleration-deceleration. It is commonly seen in cases of high-speed vehicle accidents.  Which areas of the brain are affected by this type of injury? It mostly affects the areas where brain matter density difference is maximum. Therefore, the most commonly affected areas are gray-white junctions. It affects white matter nerve fiber tracts in these regions. Clinical Findings: Although the findings can vary from insignificant to comatose state, most cases are classified as severe with a GCS score of less than 8. Symptoms include  headache,  dizziness,  nausea, vomiting,  loss of consciousness, etc File :  Compare SWI and GRE Trauma.png Source: Karen Tong Author: SBarnes CC  Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported Diagnosis: Diffuse axonal injury is diagnosed clinically. The clinical findings in these patients are out of proportion to CT Imaging findings. The patient is unc...

ⒸPathologynuggets. Notes to review for medical students, residents, and doctors.   Hello, welcome to our new blog post. Today, we are quickly reviewing high yield concepts of Di George Syndrome. Please read till the end of the blog for a bonus mnemonic for this important topic! DiGeorge syndrome, also known as 22q11 deletion syndrome , is a genetic disease caused by deletion of chromosome 22 and results in impairment of the third and fourth pharyngeal pouches . Therefore, the structures developing from 3rd and fourth pharyngeal pouches are affected in this disease. Now lets' look at the structures affected, One of the structures affected is the Thymus gland as you know the thymus develops from the inferior part of 3rd pharyngeal pouch. Next important structures affected are parathyroid glands, because as you all know the inferior parathyroids develop from superior part of 3rd pouch, and superior parathyroids develop from superior part of 4th pouch. Therefore, the affected structu...

  Causes of Cushing's Syndrome are as follows:   Looking at causes of Cushing Syndrome on basis of plasma ACTH levels, later helps in understanding the approach to investigations performed in diagnosis of Cushing's disease .   First use of exogenous steroids should be ruled out. Iatrogenic use of steroids is common cause of Cushing's Syndrome. Exogenous steroids cause feedback inhibition of ACTH secretion.   If plasma ACTH level is undetectable and there is no exogenous use of steroids then the source of increased cortisol level is likely an adrenal adenoma/ cancer / hyperplasia . The feedback inhibition due to increased cortisol levels make ACTH levels undetectable.   If ACTH levels are increased then it means the cause of high cortisol levels is high ACTH levels. This increased ACTH is due to either pituitary cause or ectopic ACTH secretion .   What are causes of ectopic ACTH secr...