ⒸPathologynuggets. Notes to review for medical students, residents, and doctors. Vasculitides are autoimmuine disorders characterized by inflammation of blood vessels. Most of them are chronic systemic disorders that affect the multiple systems and should be considered in differential diagnoses of any multisystem illness. Vasculitis can be divided into large vessel, medium vessel or small vessel vasculitis based on the size of the vessels involved. Large Vessel Vasculitis ‌Giant cell arterities or Temporal arteritis Takayasu arterities Medium Vessel Vasculitis ‌Polyarterities Nodosa Kawasaki Disease Small Vessel Vasculitis ‌Granulomatosis with Polyangitis(GPA) ‌Microscopic polyangitis (MPA) ‌Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangitis (EGPA)               **  Small vessel vasculitides GPA, MPA and EGPA are also known as ANCA                        ...

ⒸPathologynuggets. Notes to review for medical students, residents, and doctors  Hello! welcome to our new blog post on cardiac murmurs. In this blog post about heart murmurs, we review the most common types of heart murmurs. Murmur is the sound of blood flowing abnormally through the heart valves and most often signs of valve disorders. If you are new to the blog, don't forget to show your support by like and subscribe. Read till the end of the blog for some bonus tips! Now let's continue our review. Normal heart sounds consist of sounds S1 and S2. S1 represents closure of mitral valve and tricuspid valves at the beginning of systole. S2 represents the closure of aortic and pulmonic valves at beginning of diastole. Thus, the interval between s1 and s2 represents systole, and in this interval systolic murmurs are heard Similarly, diastolic murmurs are heard at the interval between s2 and s1. So, what are the most common types of heart murmurs? For easy understanding, we can di...

  Syncope An abrupt loss of consciousness or loss of postural tone which is of short duration and is followed by spontaneous recovery is known as syncope.  There are four components of syncope An abrupt and transient loss of consciousness  Loss of postural tone Short Duration Spontaneous recovery Prodrome A constellation of symptoms like lightheadedness, diaphoresis, visual distrubances that can  precede the loss of consciousness. Prodrome can last for several seconds to minutes.     Chest pain, palpitations or dyspnea point to cardiac cause     Aura , Headache, Dysarthia, and limb weakness point to CNS causes Pre-syncope Occurance of prodromal symptoms of syncope without the subsequent loss of consciousness is known as pre-syncope. During Attack Is there a pulse? Limb jerking, Tongue biting, Urinary Incontinence? Hypoxic Seizures After Attack Rapid recovery: Arrythmia, VAsovagal syncope Prolonged, with drowsiness: Seizures Questions to...

What is Buerger's Disease/ Thromboangitis Obliterans? Buerger's disease or Thromboangitis Obliterans is a rare disease that affects veins and medium sized arteries of your hands and feet.   These blood vessels get inflamed and obstructed. Decreased blood flow causes ischemic pain known as claudication. In later stages there is death of cells and tissue in the area causing ulcers, gangrene and can also lead to amputation of hands and fingers.   What is the cause of Buerger's Disease? The cause of Buerger's disease is not known. But it is almost always   a disease of smokers.   The patient is usually a male smoker in his 20s or 30s. The symptoms are claudication, numbness, tingling. Raynaud phenomenon in which the fingers turn pale on exposure to cold can be seen. How is Buerger's Disease diagnosed?  There is no definitive test for diagnosis of Buerger's Disease. But a history of tobacco smoking, and younger age favours diagnosis. Physical ...