ⒸPathologynuggets. Notes to review for medical students, residents, and doctors.   Hello, welcome to our new blog post. Today, we are quickly reviewing high yield concepts of Di George Syndrome. Please read till the end of the blog for a bonus mnemonic for this important topic! DiGeorge syndrome, also known as 22q11 deletion syndrome , is a genetic disease caused by deletion of chromosome 22 and results in impairment of the third and fourth pharyngeal pouches . Therefore, the structures developing from 3rd and fourth pharyngeal pouches are affected in this disease. Now lets' look at the structures affected, One of the structures affected is the Thymus gland as you know the thymus develops from the inferior part of 3rd pharyngeal pouch. Next important structures affected are parathyroid glands, because as you all know the inferior parathyroids develop from superior part of 3rd pouch, and superior parathyroids develop from superior part of 4th pouch. Therefore, the affected structu...

  Syncope An abrupt loss of consciousness or loss of postural tone which is of short duration and is followed by spontaneous recovery is known as syncope.  There are four components of syncope An abrupt and transient loss of consciousness  Loss of postural tone Short Duration Spontaneous recovery Prodrome A constellation of symptoms like lightheadedness, diaphoresis, visual distrubances that can  precede the loss of consciousness. Prodrome can last for several seconds to minutes.     Chest pain, palpitations or dyspnea point to cardiac cause     Aura , Headache, Dysarthia, and limb weakness point to CNS causes Pre-syncope Occurance of prodromal symptoms of syncope without the subsequent loss of consciousness is known as pre-syncope. During Attack Is there a pulse? Limb jerking, Tongue biting, Urinary Incontinence? Hypoxic Seizures After Attack Rapid recovery: Arrythmia, VAsovagal syncope Prolonged, with drowsiness: Seizures Questions to...

  Causes of Cushing's Syndrome are as follows:   Looking at causes of Cushing Syndrome on basis of plasma ACTH levels, later helps in understanding the approach to investigations performed in diagnosis of Cushing's disease .   First use of exogenous steroids should be ruled out. Iatrogenic use of steroids is common cause of Cushing's Syndrome. Exogenous steroids cause feedback inhibition of ACTH secretion.   If plasma ACTH level is undetectable and there is no exogenous use of steroids then the source of increased cortisol level is likely an adrenal adenoma/ cancer / hyperplasia . The feedback inhibition due to increased cortisol levels make ACTH levels undetectable.   If ACTH levels are increased then it means the cause of high cortisol levels is high ACTH levels. This increased ACTH is due to either pituitary cause or ectopic ACTH secretion .   What are causes of ectopic ACTH secr...