ⒸPathologynuggets. Notes to review for medical students, residents, and doctors
Hello! welcome to our new blog post on cardiac murmurs.
In this blog post about heart murmurs, we review the most common types of heart murmurs.
Murmur is the sound of blood flowing abnormally through the heart valves and most often signs of valve disorders.
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Read till the end of the blog for some bonus tips!
Now let's continue our review.
Normal heart sounds consist of sounds S1 and S2.
S1 represents closure of mitral valve and tricuspid valves at the beginning of systole.
S2 represents the closure of aortic and pulmonic valves at beginning of diastole.
Thus, the interval between s1 and s2 represents systole, and in this interval systolic murmurs are heard
Similarly, diastolic murmurs are heard at the interval between s2 and s1.
So, what are the most common types of heart murmurs?
For easy understanding, we can divide heart murmurs as either systolic or diastolic.
Most common systolic murmurs are Aortic Stenosis, Mitral Regurgitation, and Mitral Valve Prolapse.
The most common diastolic murmurs are Aortic Regurgitation and Mitral Stenosis.
Some of the features of these individual murmurs are as follows:
Aortic Stenosis
The murmur of aortic stenosis is known as ejection systolic, crescendo decrescendo murmur and it commonly radiates to carotids.
Mitral Regurgitation
Mitral regurgitation has a pansystolic blowing murmur throughout the systole, that radiates to the axilla.
Mitral Valve Prolapse
Late systolic murmur, usually with a mid-systolic click is a feature of mitral valve prolapse.
As we stated in the earlier part of this review, diastolic murmurs are heard in the interval between s2 and s1.
Aortic Regurgitation
The high-pitched murmur of aortic regurgitation is heard in early diastole and can be easily missed.
Mitral Stenosis
The mid-diastolic murmur of mitral stenosis is best heard at apex and has an opening snap and is low pitched.
Additional Heart Sounds
S3 and S4 are additional hearts sounds.
S3; heard just after S2 in early diastole, can be a normal finding in children and young individuals. It is pathological in age greater than 30 years and is a sign of dilated Ventricles.
S4; heard just before S1 is always considered pathological and can be a sign of stiff Ventricles usually from hypertrophy from long standing hypertension.
You can listen how these different murmurs sound in our video.
Please put on headphones for better listening.
Thank you for reading to the end of the blog!
We have some high yield bonus tips for you.
low pitched murmurs are best heard by bell of stethoscope and should be applied gently.
Diaphragm is best for hearing high pitched murmurs because it filters out low pitched sounds.
Valsalva accentuates the murmurs of HOCM and Mitral Valve Prolapse and softens Aortic stenosis and Mitral Regurgitation.
We hope to see u in our next post. Take care!
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