ⒸPathologynuggets. Notes to review for medical students, residents, and doctors.   Hello, welcome to our new blog post. Today, we are quickly reviewing high yield concepts of Di George Syndrome. Please read till the end of the blog for a bonus mnemonic for this important topic! DiGeorge syndrome, also known as 22q11 deletion syndrome , is a genetic disease caused by deletion of chromosome 22 and results in impairment of the third and fourth pharyngeal pouches . Therefore, the structures developing from 3rd and fourth pharyngeal pouches are affected in this disease. Now lets' look at the structures affected, One of the structures affected is the Thymus gland as you know the thymus develops from the inferior part of 3rd pharyngeal pouch. Next important structures affected are parathyroid glands, because as you all know the inferior parathyroids develop from superior part of 3rd pouch, and superior parathyroids develop from superior part of 4th pouch. Therefore, the affected structu

ⒸPathologynuggets. Notes to review for medical students, residents, and doctors  Hello! welcome to our new blog post on cardiac murmurs. In this blog post about heart murmurs, we review the most common types of heart murmurs. Murmur is the sound of blood flowing abnormally through the heart valves and most often signs of valve disorders. If you are new to the blog, don't forget to show your support by like and subscribe. Read till the end of the blog for some bonus tips! Now let's continue our review. Normal heart sounds consist of sounds S1 and S2. S1 represents closure of mitral valve and tricuspid valves at the beginning of systole. S2 represents the closure of aortic and pulmonic valves at beginning of diastole. Thus, the interval between s1 and s2 represents systole, and in this interval systolic murmurs are heard Similarly, diastolic murmurs are heard at the interval between s2 and s1. So, what are the most common types of heart murmurs? For easy understanding, we can di

Overview Asthma is a reversible airway disease.  Recurrent episodes of dyspnoea, cough, and wheeze  Caused by reversible airway obstruction. Asthma has 3 contributory factors: bronchial smooth muscle contraction mucosal swelling/inflammation increased mucus production All these factors result in airway narrowing. Public Domain File: Asthma attack-illustration NIH.jpg Symptoms Dyspnoea or shortness of breath --- Intermittent wheeze, cough (often nocturnal) Diurnal variation -- symptoms vary over day, Marked morning dipping of peak flow can occur Precipitants: Cold air, exercise, allergens -- dust, pollen, mites History of family history of atopy Drugs: Aspirin, B-blockers Occupational Asthma are symptoms better on days away from work? are symptoms better when on holiday/vacation? Drug-Induced Asthma Aspirin B-blocker Signs Tachypnea Audible wheeze, Hyperresonant, Hyperinflated, widespread polyphonic wheeze listen to wheeze here Severe attack: unable to complete sentences PR>110, RR&g