pathologynuggets.blogsspot.com notes on AUB. Abnormal uterine bleeding can be either Heavy menstrual bleed or Intermenstrual bleeding. In heavy menstrual bleeding, there is excessive or prolonged bleeding during periods. It occurs during regular menstrual cycles.  In contrast, bleeding occurs irregularly between menstrual cycles, in intermenstrual bleeding.  If A is one cycle and B is the next menstrual cycle, in HMB, heavy bleeding or an increased amount of bleed occurs in these regular cycles, while in intermenstrual bleeding, the bleeding occurs, in between, these cycles. Other types of abnormal bleeding include post-coital bleed and postmenopausal bleeding. AUB mnemonic  One of the classification systems for AUB  is the mnemonic PALM COEIN. Among these, PALM represents structural causes, and COEIN represents non-structural causes. PALM stands for polyp, adenomyosis, leiomyoma, and malignancy Similarly, COEIN stands for coagulopathy, ovulatory cause, endometrial, iatrogenic, or ca

 pathologynuggets.blogspot.com 2023 ECG interpretation is an important skill for any healthcare professional. How to calculate the Heart rate? Several methods can be employed to ascertain the heart rate.  One straightforward and expedient approach involves  Identifying a QRS complex aligned with a prominent vertical grid line. followed by counting the number of large squares to the subsequent QRS complex. Dividing 300 by this count provides the heart rate.  Example: In the presented ECG, there are 2 large squares between QRS complexes, resulting in a calculated heart rate of 150 beats per minute. Note: This method only works if the paper speed is set to standard i.e. 25mm/second. At the standard speed of 25mm/s,      each large square = 0.2 second     each small square = 0.04 second Similarly, this method only works if the heart rhythm is regular. You can find how to assess heart rhythm and calculate heart rate for abnormal rhythm in this article. Abnormal Heart Rate :  Normal heart r

  Pathologynuggets.blogspot.com 2023 1. What type of fracture occurs when the bone breaks but does not penetrate the skin? A. Compound fracture B. Greenstick fracture C. Closed fracture D. Spiral fracture __________ The answer is at the end of this article. Types of fractures Based on the position of the bony fragments after fracture, fractures can be either displaced or non-displaced.      Displaced Fracture         The bone breaks into two or more pieces and shifts out of alignment.      Non-Displaced Fracture      The bone breaks without shifting out of alignment. Based on the involvement of overlying skin, fractures can be either closed or open.      Closed Fracture The skin remains intact despite the bone breakage.      Open Fracture The bone breaks through the skin, requiring immediate medical attention as it is considered a medical emergency. Avulsion Fracture occurs when a fragment of bone is pulled off and separated from the main bone. It occurs due to a sudden and force