How are Shingles and Chickenpox related? If you remember someone or yourself getting chickenpox as a child then you might know that it causes skin rashes. Chickenpox is caused by a virus known as varicella-zoster. The virus is highly contagious and causes an itchy rash that affects the whole body. You can get singles later in life if you have had chickenpox in childhood. As someone recovers from chickenpox their body is never completely free of the virus. Instead, the virus stays inside the body in the less active or dormant form inside the nerves. In some people, the virus remains harmlessly for the rest of their lives. While in other people the inactive virus can suddenly get active and cause the disease again. This time the disease is known as shingles. What is the difference between the rash of chickenpox and shingles? Similar to chickenpox, shingles also causes a vesicular rash but it does not involve the whole body. The rash of shingles is more localized to an area of the body a

Loop and thiazide diuretics have common clinical uses like in the treatment of hypertension, heart failure, edema, etc. But they have different actions in calcium excretion or retention. Loop Diuretics like Furosemide, Torsemide work by inhibiting Na+/K+/2CL- transporter in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle. Inhibition of this co-transporter causes loss of sodium, potassium into the urine, and drives loss of water. It also results in loss of lumen positive potential and decreases reabsorption of divalent ions like calcium. Thus there is increased loss of calcium in the urine.    Thus loop diuretics can be used in the treatment of hypercalcemia.     But they increase the chances of developing kidney stones. Thiazide diuretics like hydrochlorothiazide work by inhibiting NaCl transport in the early segment of DCT. Thus reduce intracellular sodium and increase the exchange of sodium and chloride in the basolateral membrane. Thus they increase calcium resorption and thus decre